Controlling excessive fluid resuscitation in massive burn patients to prevent complications / 中华烧伤杂志

Excessive fluid resuscitation in massive burn patients is a common phenomenon in burn management, and the reasons are mostly related with administering resuscitation of crystalloid alone and pursuing a goal-directed resuscitation with targeting normal hemodynamic parameters in the first 24 h post burn. Tissue edema caused by excessive fluid resuscitation is a vital factor that induces complications including respiratory compromise, abdominal compartment syndrome, and so on. Therefore, in order to control excessive fluid resuscitation and prevent its subsequent complications in massive burn patients, it is necessary to determine the optimal resuscitation regime, set appropriate resuscitation endpoints, and implement precise management of fluid resuscitation.

Association of polymorphisms of PTPN22 and PADI4 genes with rheumatoid arthritis in Yunnan / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the association between genetic polymorphisms of 7 SNPs in PTPN22 and PADI4 genes and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in Yunnan.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A case-control study was carried out on 192 patients of rheumatoid arthritis and 288 healthy controls. Genotypes of rs33996649 and 1858 loci within PTPN22 gene, and rs11203366 and rs874881 loci within PADI4 gene were determined with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Genotypes of rs1635579, rs2428736 and rs2240340 in PADI4 gene were determined with pyrosequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The frequencies of alleles and genotypes of rs2240340 locus in PADI4 gene showed a significant difference between rheumatoid arthritis and controls in Yunnan population (P U+003C 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our results suggested that rs2240340 in PADI4 gene is associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in Yunnan.</p>

MRAS Genetic Variation Is Associated with Atherothrombotic Stroke in the Han Chinese Population

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Atherothrombotic cerebral infarction [atherothrombotic stroke (ATS)] shares common risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms with coronary artery disease (CAD), and both diseases appear to have common susceptibility loci. The muscle RAS oncogene homolog gene (MRAS) has been identified as a susceptibility locus for CAD and is implicated in atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of MRAS are associated with increased risk of ATS in a population of Han Chinese. METHODS: A case-controlled association study was conducted in which only patients with ATS (identified as a major subtype in the Korean modification of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification) were enrolled. Subgroup analyses were carried out to determine whether the effect of the MRAS polymorphism was specific to age and gender among the subjects. RESULTS: In total, 194 ATS and 186 control subjects were included in the present study. Two tagging SNPs were identified in MRAS (rs40593 and rs3755751). A multivariate regression analysis revealed a positive association between rs40593 and ATS under dominant and additive models after adjustment for covariates. Subgroup analyses revealed that there were no gender differences with respect to allele or genotype frequencies between the groups. The AG genotype for rs40593 (p=0.028), the CT genotype for rs3755751 (p=0.036), and G-allele carriers (AG plus GG) for rs40593 (p=0.015) exhibited a significant protective effect among those aged > or =45 years. For the haplotype analysis, ATS subjects aged > or =45 years had a higher frequency of the ACAC haplotype (76.0%) than the controls (68.1%; p<0.05); that haplotype was associated with an increased risk of ATS. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained data suggest a positive association between MRAS and ATS among the Han Chinese. Further studies should be performed with larger sample and among different ethnic populations, and gene-gene or gene-environment interactions should be considered.

Association between gene polymorphisms and myocardial infarction in Han Chinese of Yunnan province / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine frequencies of genetic polymorphisms of coagulation factor VII (FVII), coagulation factor FXII (FXII), fibrinogen (FBG) and 9p21 in ethnic Han Chinese from Yunnan province, and to assess the association between such polymorphisms and onset of myocardial infarction (MI).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and forty-two patients with MI and 192 healthy controls were analyzed. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and pyrosequencing were used to determine the genotypes of FVII, FXII, FBG and 9p21.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No significant difference was found in the frequencies of R353Q, 5'F7, C46T, -148C/T, rs1333049 and rs4977574 loci between the two groups (P> 0.05). However, the frequencies of AA of -455G/A, T and TT of rs1333040, T and TT of rs10116277 and G and GG of rs2383207 were significantly higher in MI group compared with the controls (P< 0.05), whilst the frequencies of CT of rs1333040 and GT of rs10116277 were significantly lower in MI group compared with the controls (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Polymorphisms of FVII, FXII, -148C/T of FBG and rs1333049 of 9p21 were not associated with myocardial infarction. Polymorphisms of -455G/A of FBG and rs1333040, rs10116277 and rs2383207 of 9p21 may be associated with MI in ethnic Han Chinese from Yunnan province.</p>

Detection and preliminary study of a family carrying a CCR5Δ32 deletional mutation / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the frequencies of chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 gene (CCR5)Δ32 deletional mutation of in Han and Dai populations from Yunnan province. Immortalized cell lines were derived from a family carrying the CCR5Δ32 mutation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Blood samples of 346 Han and 355 Dai individuals were collected for genotyping. The coding regions of CCR5 gene were amplified with PCR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Suspected mutations were verified with DNA sequencing. Immortalized cell lines were constructed by using Epstain Barr virus and cyclosporine A. The difference between the cell lines and original blood samples was verified with PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>One ethnic Han individual was confirmed to be heterozygous for a deletional mutation by sequencing, which has led to discovery of a family with CCR5Δ32. Nine immortalized cell lines were established from this family, and no difference between the cell lines and original blood samples was detected by PCR.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Together with previous reports, this study has indicated a significant difference in CCR5Δ32 among different ethnic groups in China. Established immortalized cell lines can also provide material for future research.</p>

Effects of topical agents for burns on Acinetobacter baumannii within biofilm / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the antimicrobial activity of topical agents commonly used for burns on Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) in both free and biofilm states, and their synergistic effect with ambroxol on AB within biofilm.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eleven AB strains were isolated from wound excretion, respiratory tract, and blood of patients hospitalized in our hospital from August 2005 to April 2007. (1) The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of mafenide acetate and chlorhexidine acetate to free AB (including drug-resistant, drug-sensitive, and standard strains) were determined by dilution method. (2) AB was cultured with LB or TSB medium for 12, 24, and 48 h to form biofilm, and it was treated with above-mentioned two topical agents in MBC (mafenide group and chlorhexidine group) for 30 min. Biofilm not treated by topical agent was used as control group. The biofilm thickness was determined with confocal laser scanning microscope. The proportion of living bacteria in biofilm was calculated. AB biofilm in each topical agent group was mixed and inoculated into LB culture dish to observe the growth of bacteria. (3) AB was cultured with LB medium for 48 h to form biofilm, which was respectively treated by above-mentioned two topical agents in MBC (mafenide group and chlorhexidine group) and combination of each topical agent with 3.75 mg/mL ambroxol solution (ambroxol + mafenide group and ambroxol + chlorhexidine group) for 30 min. Biofilm not treated by topical agents was used as control group. Growth of bacteria in biofilm was detected with MTT method (denoted as absorbance value). Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and LSD-t test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) MIC of mafenide acetate and chlorhexidine acetate for free AB was respectively 25.00 mg/mL and 0.03 mg/mL. MBC of both agents for free AB was the same as their MIC. (2) Among three groups, the thickness of biofilm of sensitive AB was thicker than that of drug-resistant bacteria at most of the time points. Compared with those in control group, biofilm thickness and proportion of living bacteria in biofilm were slightly decreased in mafenide and chlorhexidine groups. The growth of bacteria was abundant in each group. (3) Absorbance value of drug-resistant bacteria in control, mafenide, and chlorhexidine groups was respectively 0.776 ± 0.071, 0.625 ± 0.063, and 0.420 ± 0.068. Absorbance value of drug-resistant bacteria in ambroxol + mafenide group (0.174 ± 0.089) was significantly lower than that of control group (t = 11.823, P = 0.000) and mafenide group (t = 9.248, P < 0.01). Absorbance value of ambroxol + chlorhexidine group (0.178 ± 0.044) was significantly lower than that of control group (t = 16.009, P = 0.000) and chlorhexidine group (t = 6.681, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Drug-resistant AB forms biofilm readily, which prevents topical agents from killing the bacteria inside. Combined use of ambroxol with topical agents gives synergistic effect on killing AB in biofilm in the wound.</p>

Association between Alu insertion polymorphisms and HLA class I alleles in Chinese Lisu and Nu ethnic populations / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the frequencies of HLA-Alu repeat polymorphisms (AluMICB, AluTF, AluHJ, AluHG and AluHF) in Chinese Lisu and Nu ethnic populations.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The frequencies of HLA-Alu repeat polymorphisms in above populations were determined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The associations between HLA-Alu repeat polymorphisms and HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C alleles were also analyzed. Phylogenetic trees were constructed with genetic distance calculated from the frequencies of HLA-Alu repeat polymorphisms.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Frequencies of AluTF*2 and AluHF*2 were different between the two populations (P< 0.05), while those of other three insertions were similar. The strength of association between HLA-Alus and HLA alleles were different (P< 0.05) in the two populations. Although AluMICB*2 were associated with HLA-B*56:01 in both populations, the association was stronger in Lisu population (74.0%) but moderate in Nu population (30.7%). HLA-Alus were associated with particular HLA subtypes, e.g., AluHG*2 with certain HLA-A*02 subtypes. By phylogenetic analysis, Lisu and Nu were clustered together with southern Chinese and Thai populations.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The distribution of HLA-Alus and the strength of associations between HLA-Alus and HLA class I alleles have varied between the two populations. Study of this association may facilitate identification of origins, evolution, progenitor haplotypes and recombination within the HLA class I region.</p>

Association of EMILIN1 gene polymorphism with essential hypertension in Mongolian / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the elastin microfibril interfacer 1 (EMILIN1) gene and essential hypertension.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A case-control study was conducted in which 201 hypertensive patients and 202 healthy controls in Mongolian population were enrolled, and the genotypes of rs3754734, rs2011616 and rs2304682 loci were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and direct sequencing techniques.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were significant differences in the frequencies of alleles and genotypes for the rs2304682 between the hypertensives and normotensives in the population (P<0.05). The frequency of the G-G haplotype established by rs3754734 and rs2304682 was significantly higher in the hypertensive patients (P<0.05). The frequencies of alleles and genotypes for the rs2304682 also had significant differences between the group with high diastolic blood pressure and normal diasto lic blood pressure (P<0.05).There were no significant differences in the frequencies of alleles and genotypes for the 3 SNPs between the group with high systolic blood pressure and normal systolic blood pressure (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The rs2304682 locus in the EMILIN1 gene, as well as the haplotypes G-G constructed using rs3754734 and rs2304682, may associate with the susceptibility of essential hypertension in the Mongolian population. Also, rs2304682 may associate with the level of the diastolic blood pressure.</p>

Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of 5'-untranslated region of GPx4 gene and male infertility / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GPx4 or PHGPx) gene and oligo- or asthenozoospermic male infertility.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The 5'-UTR region of the GPx4 gene was amplified from infertile men and controls using the polymerase chain reaction and was analyzed for polymorphisms by direct sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 9 SNPs were present in the cohort, however there were no significant differences in these 9 SNPs between the case and control groups. According to the results of linkage disequilibrium analysis and haplotype construction, one haplotype (rs757229-rs757230-rs4588110-rs3746165-rs3746166: C-G-G-T-A) was present only in the control men, and significant difference was detected(P< 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The SNPs of 5'-UTR region of the GPx4 gene might not be associated with oligo- or asthenozoospermic male infertility. However, the haplotype (rs757229-rs757230-rs4588110- rs3746165-rs3746166: C-G-G-T-A) might be a protective haplotype.</p>

Distribution of HLA-C genes and HLA C-B, A-C-B haplotypes in Jinuo, Maonan and Wa ethnic populations in southwest China / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the distribution of human leukocyte antigen(HLA) class I genes and haplotypes in Jinuo, Maonan and Wa ethnic populations in southwest China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide (PCR-SSO) typing by Luminex was performed to genotype the HLA-C alleles in unrelated healthy individuals in the three populations. HLA C-B, A-C-B haplotypes were computed by combining the previous HLA-A and -B genotyping data using Pypop7.0 software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Eighteen HLA-C genes were identified in the three populations, with 17, 13 and 15 HLA-C genes in Jinuo, Maonan and Wa populations respectively. The alleles with frequency of more than 10% from high to low were C*08:01, C*01:02, C*03:04 and C*07:02 in the Jinuo, C*03:04, C*01:02, C*07:02 and C*08:01 in the Maonan, and C*12:03, C*08:01, C*07:02 and C*04:01 in the Wa. The predominant HLA A-C-B haplotypes were A*02:07-C*01:02-B*46:01, A*11:01-C*08:01-B*15:02 and A*11:01-C*03:04-B*13:01 in the Jinuo, A*11:01-C*03:04-B*13:01, A*02:07-C*01:02-B*46:01, A*11:01-C*08:01-B*15:02 and A*02:03-C*07:02-B*38:02 in the Maonan, and A*11:01-C*08:01-B*15:02, A*11:01-C*12:03-B*15:32 and A*11:01-C*04:01-B*35:01 in the Wa, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There were different characteristics in the distributions of HLA-C genes and HLA C-B, A-C-B haplotypes in the Jinuo, Maonan and Wa populations. However, haplotypes C*08:01-B*15:02 and A*11:01-C*08:01-B*15:02 with high frequencies were common in the three populations, which might be the common ancient haplotypes of southern Chinese population. The study of HLA genes and haplotypes in these populations may be of significance in the study of population genetics, transplantation and disease association.</p>

Association between diversity of hypoxia at different altitude and the polymorphism of EPAS1 gene / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the selection effect of endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1) gene induced by high altitude hypoxia environment.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fourteen single nucleotide polymorphism sites (SNPs) of the EPAS1 gene were genotyped using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in three Tibetan groups (58 samples from Tibetan living in an altitude of about 3700 meters above sea level, 47 from Qinghai province, about 3100 meters above sea level, 43 from Yunnan province, about 2500 meters above sea level), and Han of Shandong (47 samples, about 50 meters above sea level).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were significant differences of most SNP allelic, genotypic and haplotypic frequencies when comparing Han of Shandong, Tibetan of Yunnan with Tibetan of Tibetan and Qinghai. But no difference between Han of Shandong and Tibetan of Yunnan was found.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The EPAS1 gene might be under hypoxic selection induced by high altitude.</p>

Study of nine single nucleotide polymorphism loci of human HIF1A gene in three Tibetan groups / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of hypoxia environment induced by altitude on hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1A) gene.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Nine single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci of the HIF1A gene from three Tibetan groups (Tibet, Qinghai Province and Yunnan Province) were genotyped using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>For non-synonymous mutation SNP site, there was no significant difference among the three Tibetan groups, except for SNP rs11549465 between Tibet Tibetan and Yunnan Tibetan, as well as between Qinghai Tibetan and Yunnan Tibetan. Frequencies of genotypes and alleles in rs4899056, rs1957757, rs10873142 and rs3783752 had significant differences between Tibet Tibetan and Yunnan Tibetan, and between Qinghai Tibetan and Yunnan Tibetan (all P<0.05). We also observed that the difference was negatively correlated with the altitude.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results suggested that the HIF1A gene might be under hypoxic selection induced by high altitude in the three groups.</p>

Establishment of immortalized cell lines and genetic stability evaluation for a family with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Immortalized cell lines of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) with Parkinson disease symptoms were established in order to provide experimental material for future study.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The immortalized cell lines were constructed by using Epstein Barr virus and cyclosporine A. Microsatellite markers were detected to see whether there is any change between the cell lines and the original blood samples, and the genetic stability of the cell lines were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty-five immortalized cell lines were established successfully from the family and the microsatellite markers were unchanged.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The karyotypes of the immortal cell lines were normal and the cell lines were genetically stable.</p>

Comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome between Tibetan and Han population / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To construct the haplogroup and perform an analysis of mitochondrial whole-genome sequence in Tibetan and Han Chinese. Variations of nucleotide of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were identified and compared between the Tibetan and Han population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The mtDNA whole sequences of 40 Tibetan and 50 Han individuals were sequenced by an Applied Biosystems 3730 DNA automatic sequencer. The sequences were assembled using software phredPhrap16.0, and all assembled sequences were manually verified according to the criterion of rCRS (revised Cambridge Reference Sequence). The haplogroups of mtDNA were constructed using phylogenetic analysis according to the criteria of MITOMAP by Network method. The data were elucidated by integrated methods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Authors' results showed that all the pooled 90 subjects belonged to the Macrohaplogroup M and N, and were classified into 13 haplogroups. No differences were observed among the haplogroups of the two populations except for M9 haplogroup. A total of 21 variants were detected by comparing the mtDNA whole sequences between Tibetan and Han population; of those, 5 variants have not been reported before. In addition, we constructed the haplotypes of 5 variants harboring the D-loop region, and founded prominent difference in both supertype 1 and supertype 2 between Tibetan and Han population.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The phylogenetic analysis indicates that the Tibetan and Han ethnic groups shared close maternal relationship in origin. The biological implication of the significant variants is worth elucidating; whether they are the results of adaptive selection or neutral selection or pathological variations need to be further studied.</p>

Study on the genetic stability of immortalized cell line of lymphocyte cell transformed by EB virus after long subculture process / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the genetic stability of an immortalized cell line transformed by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) after long subculture process.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In the present study, the genetic stability including chromosome diploidy, karyotypes and microsatellite DNA were evaluated with chromosome banding techniques and microsatellite DNA detection. The telomerase activity of the immortalized cell line was detected by using the telomerase assay kit.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>From passage 1 to 30, there were no change of the diploidy, karyotypes of chromosome and microsatellite DNA, and the telomerase activity is negative.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This study indicates that the immortalized cell line remains stable genetically within limited passages.</p>

Effect of nerve growth factor on erythropoiesis in mice and its underlying mechanism / 中国实验血液学杂志

This study was aimed to explore the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on erythropoiesis and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Using flow cytometry, colony forming assay, blood cell counter, fluorescent real-time quantitation PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the changes in the bone marrow cells (BMCs) proliferation cycle, CFU-E and BFU-E counts, the peripheral blood erythroid related parameters, kidney EPO, BMC GM-CSF, spleen EPO receptor (EPOR) mRNA expression, and serum EPO, GM-CSF, and IL-1 concentrations were all determined after NGF was injected intramuscularly into the thigh of mice, meanwhile the change of BFU-E and CFU-E counts and its relationship with EPO, IL-3 were investigated. The results indicated that the cell proportion in S+G2/M phase, the CFU-E and BFU-E counts of BMCs and the spleen EPOR mRNA expression in injection of NGF (7.5 microg/kg) for 7 days were significantly higher than that in injection of physiological saline for 13-19 days; red blood cell, hemoglobin, and reticulocyte counts increased as well. In vitro, NGF stimulated a dose-dependent increase of CFU-E colonies formation in the semisolid culture system with or without exogenous EPO; the colony counts in the system with NGF alone were significantly higher than that in the system with exogenous EPO alone. The BFU-E counts in the system with exogenous NGF and IL-3 were significantly higher than that in the system with exogenous EPO and IL-3. It is concluded that the NGF promotes the responsibility of hematopoietic cells to EPO and activates the same signal transduction pathway as EPO in hematopoietic cells, and then accelerates the BMCs into mitosis, the HSCs differentiating into erythroid cells, and CFU-E and BFU-E formation.

Optimization of tomato genetic transformation, kanamycin-resistant screening and seed selection / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To optimize the process of tomato genetic transformation, screening and seed selection using multiepitope antigenic gene (MAG) and truncated major surface antigen 1 (tSAG1) of Toxoplasma gondii as the target insert genes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Tomato high-frequency regeneration system was optimized with different choices of media and explants. The genetic transformation procedure was optimized using different tomato cultivars, explants, culture temperatures, media and acetosyringone (AS) supplements. Three concentrations of kanamycin were utilized for resistant selection of the transgenic candidate roots. The selected lines were trained, transplanted to soil and grown in a greenhouse till maturity. Sterile seeding using kanamycin-incorporated medium was conducted for screening transgenic tomato generations.</p><p><b>RESULTS AND CONCLUSION</b>Cotyledons were better than hypocotyls as the regeneration explants. The regeneration rate of cotyledons reached 98% (59/60) using the optimized regeneration medium ZB3. The culture medium and temperature were the key factors for tomato transgenic shoot induction. The number of transgenic buds increased significantly at the appropriate temperature condition (23-/+1 degrees celsius;), and AS of 100 micromol/L in the medium before inoculation also significantly raised transformation rate. The budding rate of Zhongshu No.5 cotyledons was 35% (28/81) using the medium ZB2 under (23-/+1) degrees celsius;. Kanamycin at 80 mg/L was optimal for transgenic plantlet rooting selection with the rooting rate of 48% (31/65). 117 transgenic lines were obtained. Non-transgenic tomato plant growth, especially the root and elongation, was inhibited obviously with kanamycin at 100 mg/L or above, and the roots became purple and lacked lateral roots. The transgenic tomato seeds could be selected effectively with kanamycin at 150 mg/L.</p>

Analysis of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in burn ward of Ruijin hospital / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the epidemiology of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in molecular level in burn centre of Shanghai Ruijin hospital.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The vicissitude of Staphylococcus aureus in the burn centre from 2003 to 2005 was analyzed with software WHONET5. Multiprimer random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) was used to analyze the homology of 17 MRSA strains.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>RAPD analysis (primer ERIC2 and RAPD7) showed that all 17 MRSA strains were identical (Burn-A type).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>MRSA with same RAPD type is prevalent in our burn centre for many years, so emphasis should be laid on the anti-infection therapy and its cross infection control. Staphylococcus aureus;</p>

Polymorphism of DYS287 on Y chromosome in 28 ethnic populations of China / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the polymorphism of DYS287 among 28 ethnic populations in 9 provinces of China.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>YAP element was detected by Touchdown PCR amplification and 2% agarose gel electrophoresis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>YAP+ frequencies in these ethnic populations were as follows: Zang 36.7%, Tu 23.8%, Yi 18.4%, Pumi 11.3%, Tajik 7.4%, Bai 6.7%, Jino 5.1%, Shandong Han 4%, Mulao 2.7%, and Maonan 1.3%. The rest ethnic populations in our study, including Gansu Han, Yunnan Han, Zhuangzu, Daizu, Lizu, Nuzu, Lisu, Naxi, Lahu, Dulong, Hani, Shezu, Weiwuer, Sala, Kerkizi, Dongxiang, Vazu, and Korea didn't carry YAP + element.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Zangzu, Tuzu, Yizu, Pumi, Jino, and Baizu, which belong to Sino-Tibetan language family, carry a high YAP + frequency. Sala, Tuzu, and Tajik, regarded as Central Asia by origin in history and linguistics, also have a high YAP + frequency. Mulao and Maonan, which origin from "Baiyue" ancient ethnic groups, also have a considerable YAP + frequency.</p>

Immunogenicity in a Prime-boost Regimen of a Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) Vectored Experimental HIV-1 Clade C/B’ Vaccine / 中国生物工程杂志

Objective: To evaluate the immunogenicity of HIV-1 clade C/B’ vaccine based on modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector in mice. Methods: Mice were inoculated with 3-dose HIV vaccine by intramuscular injection. Blood sample were collected every second week, and then the antibodies against HIV were detected. At week 6, mice were killed and cellular immune responses were examined by ELISPOT. Result: The number of spot forming cells in the 107 pfu/ml -dose group was more than those of 105 pfu/ml -dose and 106 pfu/ml -dose groups significantly. HIV specific antibodies emerged at week 2 and elevated rapidly at week 4 and week 6. The level of specific IgG in the 107 pfu/ml -dose group was more than those of 105 pfu/ml -dose and 106 pfu/ml -dose groups significantly. Conclusion: The ADMVA induces both humoral immunoresponse and cellular immune responses.